Writing Is An Important Aspect - 1124 Words

Essay Writing Essay writing is an important aspect, not just in the life of the average student, but also every other person in general. This is because they are not only used by to assess the performance of students, express ideas or develop creativity, but people regularly in their every day life also use them. For instance, when writing resumes, in publication agencies such as magazines and newspapers, writing contracts, journals, and for other reasons. There have been several improvements in my writing process as I have been able to practice and learn more concerning essay writing. This has helped to improve upon the basic knowledge I had about the subject, as I used to find it stressful when writing essays. Writing requires certain processes that enable one to create a good and concise essay, such as, pre-writing, organizing, drafting, revising, and editing (Sims, Chan, and Sethuram 374). These steps are necessary as they help one to generate ideas, plan the essay, make it easy to comprehend, and also use time wisely. When organizing the essay, it should have a topic sentence or thesis in the introduction, a body, and then the conclusion followed by salutations if required. With several improvements in these areas, I have also been able to work on the grammar aspect of the essay, including spelling, punctuations, and other areas. This helps make the audience or readers easily understand the essay. With the help of the Foundations ofShow MoreRelatedReading And Writing : An Important Aspect Of The Lives Of All Individuals Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesReading and writing is an important aspect in the lives of all individuals. With reading and writing, there are many levels of love and hate, and as much as I hate to say it, I was on the hate side for a very long time. Strangely enough, a teacher I had in high school, Mr. Shafer, change my whole outlook on writing. Mr. Shafer was the type of person who truly loves his job and the young adults he was teaching. He would walk into class so energetically, as if he drank a full pot of coffee, whichRead MoreProfessional Writing Essay800 Words   |  4 Pageswrite is human, to write well is divine† (Anonymous, 2010). So, why is it important to write professionally and what constitutes professional writing? Contrary to popular belief, professional writing is not merely being paid to write; although, professional writers are paid well. In short, professional writing is writing at the next level with a purpose. It is important to show the basic aspects of professional writing (knowing the audience, knowing the purpose, being persuasive, and getting toRead More7cs of Written Communication1327 Words   |  6 Pagescommunication): Written communication  occupies an important position in the communication sphere, so written communication has to pay adequate attention on certain principles of necessity. The essentials of every written communication are principles of unity, coherence and emphasis. These principles along with other essentials of effective communication, like language, planning and organization make the written communication effective. * Clarity:  The writing should be correctly planned and expressedRead MoreHow Literacy Is An Aspect Of Knowledge904 Words   |  4 Pages I believe that literacy is an aspect of knowledge. The more one gains knowledge the more literate they become. Learning entails absorbing knowledge through writing and listening among other activities. In relation to this, writing has been identified as a most efficient and critical tool in learning. It is an important aspect of cognition. The paper will discuss aspects relating to my literacy narrative about writing. I have undergone various levels of education and learning. At each level,Read MoreSummary Of Stephen King Chapter 241658 Words   |  7 Pagesstories and what led him to be the writer that he is today. In chapter sixteen he is describing his bedroom at his house in Durham that he lived in as a child. He says that every time he got a rejection slip from magazines that he had submitted his writing to, he would hang it on the nail that he had put in the wall. King mentions that by the time he was fourteen the nail was no longer supporting the weight of all of the rejection slips that had been hung on it over the years (40-41). This chapterRead MoreThe Difference between Writing and Speaking1496 Words   |  6 Pageslinguists that writing and speaking, although linguistically similar are still different. This essay shall look at various aspects of writing such as how it differs from verbal speech, how it is similar to verbal speech and how writing systems functions. It will draw not only from Harley’s The Psychology of Language but also from the work of both Kalb in The Uses of the History of Writing and Justeson in The Origin of Writing Systems. This essay shall not only discuss the aspects of writing systems butRead MoreLiterary Theory : The Postcolonial Theory880 Words   |  4 Pagesabout colonization in American we only read from writing from men who are white and upper/middle class. Literature could be oppressive because it was only written from one point of view back when colonization was happening. Cultural studies theory looks at different cultures and how they are viewed, this theory does not allow us to make assumptions. As individuals we are not allowed to make assumption about writing and what culture has better writing. Cultural studies theory looks at the differentRead MoreLiterary Analysis of Sunrise over Fallujah Essay905 Words   |  4 Pagesunit, which is dedicated to protecting by standers in the war. Robin encounters various setbacks that try to slow down the progress of his unit such as the death of his close friend Jonsey. Walter Dean Myers portrayed his knowledge of the setting, aspects from the past, and made the plot very believable in the historical fiction novel Sunrise Over Fallujah. Firstly, the historical, cultural, and geographical content involving the setting was portrayed accurately and was authentic. In addition, authorsRead MoreThe Discourse Community Of Volleyball1487 Words   |  6 Pageswith one another, relaying information, and using common speech or terms that everyone in the group understands. Being part of different discourse communities can help develop different writing styles and skills. A non-school discourse community that helped me develop as a writer was volleyball. There are many aspects to volleyball that a player has to understand: the common goals, the rules, and the terminology. Being a part of the volleyball discourse community, I was able to get a job at the UniversityRead MoreThe Education System Involving Student Writing1497 Words   |  6 Pagessociety, therefore proper education is extremely important for students. Of all subjects and information taught, the most important is how to be a good writer. This knowledge can help s tudents no matter what job they pursue after college. Writing is always involved, whether it is writing an email to your boss or a thirty page lab report, it will always be necessary. Yet nowadays there is an issue in our educational system involving student writing. Essays and papers are being graded based off of

Essay on The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka - 1675 Words

In The Metamorphosis, Kafka establishes, through his religious imagery and gospel-esque episodic narration, the character of Gregor Samsa simultaneously as a kind of inverse Messianic figure and a god-like artist, relating the two and thus turning the conventional concept of the literary hero on its ear. The structure of the novel reflects that of the Gospel of Mark in that it is narrated in individual events, and in this it is something of a Kà ¼nstlerroman - that is, the real metamorphosis is over the course of the novel, rather than just at the beginning, and that change is a heightened sensitivity to the world in an artistic sense. The motif of change is a rather theological one as well: we see it in a religious sense, in the form of†¦show more content†¦Kafka reveals very little about Gregors life prior to this incident: all we know of him is that he had been a traveling salesman who was constantly busying himself with his fretsaw and who never (went) out in the evenin gs, instead spending his time sitting . . . at the table quietly reading the paper or studying (Kafka 12-13). This imagery of Samsa as a studious carpenter characterizes him as humble and, in this, somewhat unlikable to the toughest audiences. Even imagery as simplistic as this conjures the image of Gregor as a bookish, studious milquetoast. At the same time, the carpenter characterization connotes Christ, and thus immediately hints at Samsas eventual heroism, even before anything significant has happened. So when the books first metamorphosis occurs in the first sentence, Gregors prior circumstances make him fertile ground in which a change in spirit can occur. Samsa even acknowledges the metaphysical change enacted in himself: when he tries to explain to his family and the head clerk why he cannot leave his room, his audience can no longer (understand) his words, even though they (are) clear enough to him, clearer than before even (15). It is as if he is in another dimension from them completely and therefore a sort of immortal at heart, before the knowledge is even imparted upon him in the formShow MoreRelatedThe Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka1052 Words   |  4 PagesFranz Kafka wrote one of his most popular books, The Metamorphosis, during the literary period and movement of existentialism. His novella stresses many existential ideals. The most predominant ideal that is seen through Gregor Samsa and his father in The Metamorphosis is that choice is the opportune of the individual. One’s ultimate goal in life is to successfully find a balance between work and leisure. It is through the juxtaposition of Gregor Samsa and his father, the conceding tone of the authorRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka867 Words   |  4 Pagesincluding rapid growth spurts. Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develop after birth or hatching. Involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt changes in the animal’s body structure th rough cell growth and differentiation. The author Franz Kafka, who relatively wrote little in his short life and who published less has been enormously influential on later writers. He is considered an export of German expressionism. The metamorphosis is Kafka’s longest story and oneRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The metamorphosis,† is a story by Franz Kafka, published in 1915 is a story divided in three chapters: transformation, acceptance, and the death of the protagonist. There are many interpretations that can form this tale as the indifference by the society that is concerned with different individuals, and isolation pushing some cases to the solitude. Some consider The Metamorphosis as an autobiography of the author, which tries to capture the loneliness and isolation that he felt at some pointRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka1246 Words   |  5 PagesIt can be hard to understand the meaning of the novell a â€Å"The Metamorphosis,† written by Franz Kafka, without thinking of the background. Due to the fact that, â€Å"using† and knowing â€Å"[the] background knowledge† of a story is important to read a â€Å"text† (Freebody and Luke). In the novella â€Å"The metamorphosis†, â€Å"Kafka’s personal history† has been â€Å"artfully [expressed]† (Classon 82). The novella was written in 1916, before the World War 1 in German {Research}. When the novella was written, in the EuropeRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka1380 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"I cannot make anyone understand what is happening inside me. I cannot even explain it to myself†: A Psychoanalysis reading of â€Å"The Metamorphosis† by Kafka The Metamorphosis is known to be one of Franz Kafka’s best works of literature. It demonstrates the interconnection between his personal life and the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, of â€Å"The Metamorphosis.† Franz Kafka was born in 1883 and grew up in a financially stable Jewish family in Prague. He was the only son left after the death of his youngerRead MoreThe Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka656 Words   |  3 PagesMuch of Franz Kafkas story â€Å"The Metamorphosis† spends its time talking about Gregor as he struggles to live his new life as a bug. Gregor tries to find a analytical reason as to why he has taken upon this form but later on finds on that he has to accept the truth. From being an ordinary travel salesman and provider for his family to a abomination, Gregor becomes hopeless as he cant work or provide for his family. His new life as an insect causes a hardship as he is faced with isolation from hisRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka783 Words    |  4 Pages In the story â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, written by Franz Kafka, Gregor’s family represents the causing factor that prompts Gregor to become a cockroach. Gregor’s family is a symbol of a repressive structure that inhibits Gregor’s every thought and action. When Gregor gets up in the morning to get ready for work and finds that he has been transformed into a cockroach, he ponders about how maybe he should just go in to work late and get fired, but then realizes that he cannot because â€Å"if [he] were not holdingRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Metamorphosis is a novella written by German author Franz Kafka which was first published in 1915. The novella tells the story of Gregor Samsa, a traveling salesman who one day awoke to discover he had transformed into an insect like monstrosity. Throughout the story, Gregor struggles with the horrible prospect of coming to terms with his situation, as well as copin g with the effects of his transformation, such as the fact that his family is repelled by his new form, and that he is no longerRead MoreThe Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka1021 Words   |  4 PagesFranz Kafka’s, The Metamorphosis, is a novella about Gregor Samsa, a man who devotes everything to fulfilling the needs of his family. Kafka’s existentialist perspective on the meaning of life is illustrated through the use of the protagonist of Gregor Samsa. Existentialism is a philosophy â€Å"concerned with finding self and the meaning of life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility† (Existentialism). Gregor is unable to fulfill the existentialist view of finding meaning in one’s life;Read MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka1050 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, â€Å"The Metamorphosis† by Franz Kafka is an evocative story of a man transformed into a â€Å"monstrous vermin†. It seems to focus on the dark transformation of the story’s protagonist, Gregor, but there is an equal and opposing transformation that happens within Gregor’s family. Although Gregor has physically changed at the beginning of the story, he remains relatively unchanged as the novella progresses. The family, on the other hand, is forced to drastically change how they support themselves

Oppression of Women free essay sample

Women go through distressing cruelty and oppression mostly because America is a patriarchal society, a male dominated society in which older men are in positions of power. Many unfortunate evils run loose and free in this society because either society does little to stop it, or at times, even encourages this destructive behavior. In the articles â€Å"Battering: Who’s Going to Stop It† and â€Å"Protecting Male Abusers and Punishing the Women Who Confront Them† we see one of these unfortunate evils and the damaging effect of it against women. Women are beaten helplessly without the aid of any of our patriarchal authorities in achieving justice, as if justice falls solely on the footsteps of men. In the articles â€Å"The Politics of Housework† and â€Å"The Price of Motherhood†, we see more of these unfortunate evils of how sexism infiltrates into the household and of how the accomplishments of mothers are degraded and humbled. We will write a custom essay sample on Oppression of Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The roots of intimate partner violence lie in the grounds of the patriarchal family. The belief that the wife is the possession of the male, who should have the behaviors of all the other family members under control, lead the man to abuse the relationship and take advantage of her vulnerability. Women’s unpromising careers and their continued responsibility over the children reinforce their need to financially depend on their husband, making it very hard for them to leave the abusive relationship. In the article â€Å"Battering: Who’s Going to Stop It†, battering is brought out of the private household and into the spotlight. We see how violence toward women by the very people they love, make it a very frightening and dangerous place for millions of women who are abused each year. Numerous women live with the effects of male violence. To find a reason for this high rate of male violence, we look to the culprit. Many people still mistakenly believe that batterers are somehow crazy and lose control of themselves and blow up. However, it is quite the opposite. The men who batter women are actually not crazy, in fact, they’re very much stable and are in control of not only himself but also of the women they batter. After all, that’s the purpose of battering: to threaten, intimidate, abuse, and batter a women to make her do what he wants. Unfortunately, there is little justice done for the abused women by our patriarchal authorities. The reason why many men continue to use violence against women is because there isn’t enough justice in our system to stop them from doing so. Right now, most perpetrators suffer no social or legal consequences at all for their criminal behavior. In â€Å"Protecting Male Abusers and Punishing the Women Who Confront Them†, we see how the home is made into a dangerous place for not only mothers, but also now for daughters. We see how interfamilial sexual assault is apparent in the life of Ashley, who was only 14 once her father, Carmine, started preparing her to be his sexual abuse victim. Every night after dinner, he would take Ashley into his study and teach her the way grown women should dress and show their bodies. And after months of daily rape, when police asked her if she resisted, she said no. She genuinely believed her father was trying to help her. Ashley’s case showed how difficult it was to settle a conviction in even the most disturbing cases. Since she was over 13 and had consented to have sex with her father, the rape laws didn’t protect her. Additionally, since she was sexually abused by her father, he could only have been charged with the lightest sentences. Once again, we see how justice is overlooked, since it is seen as more important to â€Å"preserve† the family than convict a perpetrator of harm and trauma on young children. What’s even worse is that, instead of blaming the culprit, the larger society express more mother-blaming sentiments. Mothers are often threatened with loss of custody because their intimate partner molested their daughters. Mothers are even blamed for incest because it is believed that men molest their daughters because of the failings of their wives, who were not fulfilling their wifely duties. Plus, they are also blamed for allowing their man’s abusive behavior and failing to protect her child. Instead of blaming the true person in the wrong, the man, our patriarchal society once again puts the blame on the woman. Sexism is another unfortunate evil that is firmly fixed into our patriarchal structure of society. Our society has been organized around the idea that public fields of our society, such as work and education are a man’s territory, and the private matters, such as family, is a woman’s niche. The contradiction between the truth of many women’s lives and the social institutions shaped by this belief in division of roles is a major source of tension in contemporary society. It is even a major source of tension within the household, as seen in â€Å"The Politics of Housework†. The work done in the home, such as housework and nurturing, demands a lot of attention, attention and skill. Women still do much of this work at home even though their participation in the work field has increased. This article demonstrates the struggle involved in getting men to share in the responsibility for chores. Since housework is associated with women, it is seen as demeaning and lacing in value. The husband provides numerous complaints to doing housework since it should be a woman’s job. One was that he hates it more than her, but she doesn’t mind it so much. A comment which had a very sexist underlying meaning that housework is degrading and should be done by someone of a lower intelligence. Once again, we see the effect of the male dominated society and how sexism infiltrates into even the household In â€Å"The Price of Motherhood†, we again see the damaging effect of a male dominated society and the significant economic price for becoming mothers. When mothers do what is needed to raise children and nourish families, their reward is often a penalization for performing the very role that our society believes so important. They suffer from professional exclusion, a loss of status, and even long term losses in income and benefits due to lost time in time in the workplace. Inflexible and demanding workplaces almost guarantee that many women will have to cut back on, if not quit, their employment once they have kids. Also, government social polices don’t even recognize unpaid care of family members as real work, so mothers are not considered a full productive citizen, eligible for the major social insurance programs. We again see the affect of our male dominated society on mothers who are punished and discouraged from performing the very tasks that everyone agrees are essential. In conclusion, we see the impact of the patriarchal structure of our society on girls and women, and apparently, it’s not the least bit positive, in fact, much of the distressing cruelty and oppression women experience are due to this male dominated society. Many unfortunate evils run loose and free in this society because either society does little to stop it, or at times, even encourages this destructive behavior. By review these 4 articles, we can come to conclude that not only are women oppressed, but our patriarchal society works hard to keep women oppressed.

Psych Chapter 7 Essay Example

Psych Chapter 7 Paper For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in distributed practice. To aid students in their retention of information, which subsequently enables them to earn higher exam scores, memory researchers would highlight the use of elaborative rehearsal. The fading of memory with the passage of time marks decay and which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Transience Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store. An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance. Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory enhancing herbal remedy they have. If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled, scientific research, he or she would recommend any sugary liquid. Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of implicit memory. Knowing how to navigate the route from ones residence hall room to the location of ones college algebra class is an example of a schema. Which of these age groups has the strongest memory abilities? young adults According to the authors, our memory is most like melting wax False memories are easier to implant when the events that are said to have occurred are perceived as plausible. Leola has a comprehensive final for her organic chemistry class. For her to be able to retain the information from early in the semester, she should be advised to use ________ in her studying throughout the term. distributed practice The inability to momentarily remember a persons name, which you indeed know quite well, is an example of which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Blocking The most important factor in the majority of the cases, more than 75 percent, where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was faulty eyewitness identification. With regard to the idea of patients memories being shaped by suggestive psychotherapy techniques, psychologists re sharply divided about whether such memories are real or false memories. As Dominique reviews the vocabulary terms for her French class, she is most likely to experience the greatest degree of forgetting immediately after learning new words. An important criticism of the depth-of-processing model is that it is unfalsifiable. An important source of false memories comes from source monitoring confusion. Mnemonics will be most helpful as encoding devices if we practice them on a regular basis. The inability to momentarily remember a persons name, which you indeed know quite well, is an example of which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Blocking Darryl decides to start reviewing for his exam by studying 20 minutes a day for 10 days rather than just studying 3-4 hours the night before his exam. He is making use of distributed practice. What point did the authors make regarding claims of recovered memories of childhood abuse? Childhood abuse claims need to be supported by supporting evidence in order to be believed as real. For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in distributed practice Knowing how to navigate the route from ones residence hall room to the location of ones college algebra class is an example of a schema During lecture each day, a psychology professor may explain four main points he or she wishes the class to retain. However, most students do not think about the material again until the following class period two days later. The forgetting that occurs between classes is most likely the result of decay The fading of memory with the passage of time marks decay and which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Transience All night, Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor. At the end of the night, he finally gets the courage to ask her for her telephone number. His mental repetition of the number on the drive home is one example of rehearsal. According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items from early in the list. Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of implicit memory. Memory recovery from amnesia is gradual, if at all. In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of retrieval When one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of encoding specifity memory retention of information over time suggestive memory techniques procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place memory illusion false but subjectively compelling memory span how much information a memory system can retain duration length of time for which a memory system can retain information sensory memory brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short term memory iconic memory visual sensory memory echoic memory auditory sensory memory short-term memory memory system that retains information for limited durations decay fading of information from memory interference loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information retroactive inhibition interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information proactive inhibition interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of new information magic number the span of short-term memory, according to george miller; seven plus or minus two pieces of information chunking organizing information into meaningful groupings, allows us to extend the span of short-term memory rehearsal repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory maintenance rehearsal repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short term memory elaborative rehearsal linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory levels of processing depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it long term memory sustained (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills permastore type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent primary effect tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well recency effect tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well von restorff effect tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli serial position curve graph depicting the effect of both primacy and recency on peoples ability to recall items on a list. semantic memory our knowledge of facts about the world episodic memory recollection of events in our lives explicit memory memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness implicit memory memories we dont deliberately remember or reflect o consciously procedural memory memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits priming our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after weve encountered similar stimuli Three stages of memory; 1)encoding 2)storage 3)retrieval encoding process of getting information into our memory banks mnemonic a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall storage process of keeping information in memory schema organized knowledge structure or mental model that weve stored in memory retrieval reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores retrieval cues hints that make it easier for us to recall information recall generating previously remembered information recognition selecting previously remembered information from an array of options relearning reacquiring knowledge that wed previously learned but largely forgotten over time. distributed vs. massed practice studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed) tip of the tongue phenomenon experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it encoding specificity phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it context-dependent learning superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context state-dependent learning superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding long term potentiation gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation amygdala emotional component of memories hippocampus factual component of memories retrograde amnesia loss of memories from our past anterograde amnesia inability to encode new memories from our experiences meta memory knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations infantile amnesia inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age flashbulb memories emotional memories that are extraordinary vivid and detailed source monitoring ability to identify the origins of a memory cryptomnesia failure to recognize our ideas originated with someone else misinformation effect creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place seven sins of memory suggestibility, misattribution, bias, transcience, persistence, blocking, and absentmindedness The most sensitive measure of memory is relearning. For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in distributed practice The first day of class, Sheila asked her professor what was the best way to learn and remember the material for the course. The professor responded, Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts. The instructor is advocating a ________ level of processing. semantic Jermaine sees a car accident and he initially estimates the offending driver to be traveling at 39 miles per hour. However, after hearing another witnesss report of the cars bumping and answering a police officers questions about the rate of speed when the cars contacted, he subsequently revises his estimate to 30 miles per hour and his memory of the accident changes. This is an example of he misinformation effect. Evidence suggests that when the real criminal is NOT included in a live line-up, most witnesses will be inaccurate and select the person who most closely resembles the real criminal. During new worker orientation, you wish to make a good impression by being able to recall everyones name. Research on encoding would suggest that you are most likely to forget the name of the person immediately before you. According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items from early in the list When listening to the radio, Ramona hears a song; she cannot immediately recall the bands name, but she is sure she knows the name. This is one example of he tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. In the text, the authors discussed the astounding memory capabilities of Rajan. He could recall the digits for the number pi starting from nearly any place in the sequence. His amazing ability is due, in part, to his use of chunking In high school, Deanna took three years of Spanish. Upon enrolling in college ten years later, she registered for a remedial French course. When required to speak in French during class discussion with her teacher and classmates, Deanna frequently responds with Spanish words instead of French words. This is one example of proactive inhibition An essay exam question or a fill-in-the-blank question with no word bank is similar to the ________ method of assessing ones memory. recall Which of the following forms of memory requires conscious attention for encoding, storage, and retrieval? episodic memory Memory recovery from amnesia is gradual, if at all. Unlike explicit memory, implicit memory nvolves no deliberate attention or effort. A recognition memory task is often easier than a recall memory task because we only have to eliminate the incorrect options to get the correct answer. Jasmine needs to remember an 8-line poem for her 5th-grade English class next week. Her mother suggests that she link the first few words from each line with a different part of their home, starting with the front door. This suggestion is most similar to the memory strategy known as the method of loci. The most important factor in the majority of the cases, more than 75 percent, where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was faulty eyewitness identification. A group of 3- to 6-year-old children were told about a man named Sam Stone. For several weeks Sam was described to them as being clumsy. Upon his visit, he did nothing to confirm this stereotype. How did this impact the childrens memory? Over half the children, regardless of age, responded to these suggestions while lower percentages also reported that Sam soiled a bear and tore a book. A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that active reconstruction of events alters our memory of the important and unimportant events of our lives. Which of the following forms of memory requires conscious attention for encoding, storage, and retrieval? episodic memory In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of retrieval Eyewitness testimony has been found to be most accurate when the witness has ample time to observe the person under good viewing conditions If people today were shown a picture that contain stereotypic-inconsistent information, such as that of the black man being accosted by a white man with a razor, we would expect most of them to recall stereotypic-consistent, not inconsistent, information when questioned later. When asked to recall single-digit numbers presented in various digit span sizes, the typical adult starts to encounter difficulty once they get past approximately ________ digits. 5 According to the authors, most of the events we experience are never encoded and thus never stored in long-term memory. Roseanne claims that she can remember instances of childhood sexual abuse that started at 6 months of age. Why are most psychologists likely to be skeptical of this and other such claims? Because infantile amnesia makes it unlikely that these are true memories from that age As an adult and a parent of a 4-year-old child, Camille has seen many children begin to cry when placed on the lap of the mall Santa or Easter Bunny. When discussing this with her brother, Luis, he reminds her of the time when she was 5 that she began crying hysterically, ran fromf Santas lap, and was lost for nearly two hours. Luis has made all of this up, but Camille has a clear and distinct memory of the event he described. This demonstrates the role of ________ in producing false memories. plausible events As we age, our ability to recognize the strengths and limitations of our own memories improves. This is known as meta memory Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store. An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance. Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory enhancing herbal remedy they have. If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled, scientific research, he or she would recommend any sugary liquid Just before taking your French I exam you were reviewing 5 terms that you had missed on the last vocabulary test. When you get to your exam, you find that you have an easy time answering several questions because they are related terms you just studied. This is an example of the recency effect When information that you learned in your high school psychology class gets in the way of learning new information from your college-level psychology class, ________ has occurred. interference Seth is using visualization to imagine himself throwing pitches for strikes when he plays baseball. The ability to recognize that he is constructing these images rather than recalling them from an actual game in which he played results from accurate source monitoring Dr. Vargas can remember hundreds of students names from his twenty-five years of university teaching, but has difficulty remembering the new three digit area code for his home phone number. This is one illustration of the paradox of memory ideki and Thao are reviewing for an exam. Thao asks the following question: What term refers to how people use information from the past in the present? Hideki would be most correct if he answered memory Emilio is seeing a sports psychologist to help improve his mental preparation and performance. The psychologist asks Emilio to see himself making his free throws. As Emilio visualizes his dribbling, shooting motion, and release, he sees himself as an outside observer would. Memory researchers argue this demonstrates the reconstructive nature of memory Schemas can lead to memory errors through the confirmation bias and stereotyping because we fail to consider how an individual differs in important ways from a group stereotype. Researchers have attempted to implant false memories in the memories of students at Gotham State University. To be certain that the event never occurred, they asked students if they recall getting to meet Yosemite Sam (a Warner Brothers character) at Disneyland. When approximately 41% of the students reported this memory, the researchers knew it was indeed evidence of a false memory because the memory was of an impossible event chemas and scripts are valuable memory tools because they ssist us in interpreting new and unfamiliar situations. The misinformation effect is most similar to which example below from the Seven Sins of Memory? suggestibility Gingko, or any other memory booster, works by increasing the amount of ________ in the human brain. acetylcholine Schemas can lead to memory errors through the confirmation bias and stereotyping because we fail to consider how an individual differs in important ways from a group stereotype. Research on flashbulb memories indicates they are largely susceptible to the same errors as other types of memory After presenting groups of research participants words like thread, eye, pin, syringe, sewing, sharp, and thimble, a memory researcher asks the participants whether they remember seeing the word needle. The fact that many participants do is an example of memory illusion Exposing people to stereotype-consistent information before meeting with an individual from the stereotyped group is often sufficient to produce stereotypic interpretations of that persons actions and thoughts. This is an example of priming. In his research on long-term memory, psychologist Harry Bahrick found that memory declined markedly for about two years, but only gradually thereafter. when one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of encoding specificity. If people today were shown a picture that contain stereotypic-inconsistent information, such as that of the black man being accosted by a white man with a razor, we would expect most of them to look for other examples of stereotypic-inconsistent information in their social world. During which of Piagets stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information? Formal operational Which of the following is an example of imprinting? Young geese demonstrate an attachment to a round ball At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring a theory of mind Ones accumulated knowledge gained over time is called crystallized intelligence Which research method is most suitable for studying factors that influence behavioral change over time? longitudinal Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching authoritarian During menarche teenagers experience menstruation Piaget overestimated the degree to which object permanence develops in children. According to Kohlberg, behavior motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. preconventional Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behavior. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behavior? Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development. cognitive Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal sized lumps of clay. Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay. Marks behavior represents an inability to conserve Children involved in Strange Situation research change attachment styles frequently in follow-up studies, meaning that this method of measuring attachment style lacks reliability Which of the following represents cross-cultural differences in attachment study research? More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-anxious catergory as compared to U.S. infants. According to Vygotsky, cognitive development results from scaffolding Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behavior. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behavior? Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis According to Piaget, egocentrism involves the perception that others view the world as you do. According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves behavior motivated by doing what is best for the greatest number of people. Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate? Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behavior. ue has devoted so much time to her engineering career that at age 70 she has never been free to pursue many of her personal interests. Sues feelings of missed opportunities suggest a sense of despair. esearch investigating the causes of gender differences in behavior suggests that females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to enjoy rough and tumble play. Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds? case study research designs Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy? Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes Formal operational thinking is likely required to successfully resolve Eriksons identity versus role confusion crisis. According to Erikson, which is true? Unsuccessful resolution of a crisis decreases the likelihood that a future crisis will be successfully resolved. Piagets theory applies to such topics as creating lesson plans for first grade students. Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching. authoritarian During the ________ stage of development, a child will not have developed object permanence. sensorimotor Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the interstate without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karlas reasoning reflects ________ reasoning. conventional The belief that children will have increased cognitive abilities if their parents play classical music for them during infancy reflects pronurture perspective The rooting reflex refers to a newborns tendency to open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek. According to Piaget, students begin to successfully complete division and multiplication problems during the ________ stage. concrete operational Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause. Gail is likely to begin experiencing hot flashes Authoritarian parents are ________ disciplinarians and they are ________ with punishment. strict; quick According to Piaget, equilibration involves the processes of assimilation and accommodation The heart, lungs, and brain begin to form during the ________ period of prenatal development. embryonic Ken is able to perform mathematical operations only if he can use manipulatives and familiar examples in working up his answers. Ken is in Piagets ________ stage. concrete operational During which of Piagets stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information? formal operational Which of the following is true regarding parenting research? Children of single fathers do just as well on measures of well-being as do children of single mothers. The bodys reproductive organs are called primary sex organs Puberty is associated with the onset of menarche People typically experience declines in vision, hearing, and smell at about age 60-69 As compared to Piagets theory, Vygotskys theory of cognitive development best explains how a child learns to cross a street safely for the first time. Johnny has never been harassed by the school bully but most of his friends have. Johnnys decision to stand up to the bully to protect his friends represents a type of ________ morality. postconventional Which of the following is true regarding Piagets and Eriksons theories? Children in Piagets preoperational stage should also be working on issues in identity versus identity confusion stage of development. Brendas parents are political conservatives while she identifies more with liberal political views. When asked her political orientation, Brenda seems uncertain and does not respond. Brenda is dealing with the ________ crisis. identity vs. confusion Harlowes study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds? Case study research designs Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first president were a woman would likely motivate students in which of Piagets stages to answer thoroughly? formal operational According to Kohlberg, behavior motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. preconventional Joseph refuses to vote in major elections because he believes that most political candidates seeking office are motivated by personal gain and not to create positive social change. Josephs reasoning reflects postconventional reasoning. Marko believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair. Markos revised views on red go-carts illustrates accomodation Which developmental theorist is likely to be most criticized for the use of broad age ranges in various stages of his theory? Erikson Empty nest researchers have found that most empty nesters experience an increase in life satisfaction after their children leave home. Which is true concerning research related to the Mozart Effect? Weak evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning. During the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development, the key social agent influencing the resolution of the crisis is likely to be parents Sir Francis Galton (1884) intelligence is a byproduct of sensory capacity Clark Wissler (1901) various senses are uncorrelated with one another and with school performance Alfred Binet and Henri Simon (1904) first intelligence test Americans tend to view intelligence as: the capacity to reason well and learn quickly (to think on ones feet) Charles Spearman (1927) these correlations suggest a single common factor across all aspects of mental ability: Raymond Cattell (1971) distinguished two types of intelligence Fluid Intelligence the capacity to learn new problems Crystallized Intelligence the accumulated knowledge of the world over time Howard Gardner (1983) alternatively suggests there are eight separate intelligences Robert Sternbergs (1983 model posits the existence of three types of intelligence: Analytical Intelligence ability to reason logically Practical Intelligence: ability to solve real-world problems, especially people problems Creative Intelligence: ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions Modern intelligence tests dont typically assess practical intelligence IQ = mental age à · chronological age x 100 deviation IQ expression of IQ relative to same aged peers (eliminated age effects with Sterns formula) Culture-Fair Tests attempt to eliminate biases for people who speak language differently than how the WAIS is written Ravens Progressive Matrices most widely used Standardized Tests such as the SAT, correlate highly (0.7 0.8) with IQ tests, but attempt to emphasize achievement Mental Retardation Onset prior to adulthood,IQ ≠¤ 70, impaired adaptive functions Mild Retardation makes up 85% of retardation cases, and most can be mainstreamed into regular classrooms mild retardation is caused by including fetal alcohol syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and Down syndrome Divergent thinking: the capacity to generate many solutions to problems Convergent thinking: the capacity to find the single best solution to a given problem Emotional Intelligence (EQ) he ability to understand our emotions and those of others Wisdom: the application of intelligence toward a common good prenatal prior to birth blastocyst ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that havent yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part embryo second to eighty week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form fetus period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change concrete operations 7-11 years old, egocentrism wanes gradually formal operational period age 11 to adulthood apply psychological operations to abstract entities too; able to think hypothetically and reason abstractly elaboration embellishing information to be remembered to make it more memorable During Piagets concrete-operational stages, children are first able to represent objects mentally in different ways and to perform mental operations hypothetical and deductive reasoning are characteristics of children in Piagets__ stage formal operational Piagets account of formal operations has been criticized because adolescents reasoning is often less sophisticated than the theory predicts because the formal-operational stage is portrayed as the final stage of intellectual development authoritarian parenting combines high control with little warmth authoritative parenting combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive to children uninvolved parenting provides neither warmth nor control permissive combines low control with high warmth